With having 80 percent of world trade, Ports nowadays are the most imPortant national and international window towards trade. Despite their Increasing imPortance in development of transPortation, Ports and the relevant activities are completely neglected in Iran. Significant relationship between Ports development and their capacity and throughput drive an imPortant question: what is the net effect of Port throughput on the host areas growth? The present study analyses the question using data of six provinces including Khoozestan, Booshehr, Hormozgan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Sistan and Baluchestan during 2005-2017 (1384-1396). Results show that Ports capacity, human development, economic growth at the initial period, employment, government investment in Ports, government's current budget, wage, technology, production structure and urbanization have significant positive impact on economic output of the provinces while the transPortation cost has a negative one.

Seashores are highly valued as a meeting point between land and sea worldwide. Coastal areas are often referred to as economic gateways to international markets and are considered the frontline of economic prosperity. They are also seen as the entry point for development into previously underdeveloped areas. Despite their great distance from the geographical center of the mainland, the Port functions and spatial effectiveness of Ports can help to balance this. It is imPortant to maintain a clear and concise writing style, avoiding sprawling descriptions and complex terminology. Ports are considered geostrategic places and supplements that increase the national power of countries. Nowadays, the development of Ports and Port competition has become a topic of interest in geopolitical studies. Using the descriptive-analytical approach, this article seeks to explain the concept of Port competition and its dimensions. The findings of the article show that Ports are exposed to geopolitical competition, which affects the global power network. In other words, the geopolitical role of Ports is reflected in the global power structure with competitive functions. As a result, Ports are constantly interconnected with their territorial neighbours and if possible to influence the process of competition and the positive continuation of this influence, they lead to the promotion of the Port's position and the expansion of the sphere of influence.

The desert areas of the playas are imPortant due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, Ports of Persian Gulf become the most imPortant storage, refining and transPortation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between Ports, the impact of Port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of Port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of Port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful Port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in Port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transPortation in the Port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-Port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, Ports of Persian Gulf become the most imPortant storage, refining and transPortation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the Port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between Ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between Ports, the impact of Port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of Port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's Ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of Ports. Although the Ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other Ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the variables and factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the imPortant Ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most imPortant corridor in the field of economic and transPortation throughout history. Some of the most imPortant energy and commercial Ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of Port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful Port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the variables affecting the spatial structure of Port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-Port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the variables in the spatial structure of Port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to the results, some variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of Port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the Ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between Port-city” and “the way of national and international management of Ports have been introduced as driver variables. On the other hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transPortation in the Port” and “income, cost and investment in the Port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the Port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the Ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of Ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new Port (sea Port or dry Port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the Port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the Port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of Ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-Port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-Port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-Port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in Port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-Port of Hamburg has become one of the largest Ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key variables affecting the development of the spatial structure of the Port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of Port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transPortation in the Port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-Port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in imPortant transPortation infrastructures such as airPorts and Ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the Port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding supPort. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In fact, the growth of urban consciousness is a wise strategy to drive urban development and control dispersion and drive urban growth toward sustainability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of Bushehr city area in terms of growth indices. In this regard, this research is a goal-oriented, applied-developmental one, and a combination of documentary, analytical, causal and survey methods. Reliability of the research instrument based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the research was 0.749 which is higher than 0.7 and is appropriate. The statistical population of the study is Bushehr inhabitants which according to Cochran formula is estimated 384 samples. According to the statistical population, the questionnaire was distributed randomly among the citizens. In order to compare between two regions, T-test with two independent samples was used for evaluation of urban smart growth in District 1 and 2 of Bushehr. In this test, the first option to be considered is the significance level while the significance level or sig between the two regions is less than 0.05 indicates a significant difference between the two regions and vice versa. Significance level analysis (0.000) shows that there is a significant difference between the two regions in terms of urban smart growth. Meanwhile, the mean of Region 1 with 3.21 was higher than that of Region 2 with 2.86. Although there is a significant difference in Bushehr region in terms of smart growth indices, this difference is not significant and in general Bushehr regions are not in a good position in terms of smart growth indices.

Introduction: The use of hand-held Portable x-ray units is on the rise in dentistry. X-ray equipment operators are worried about being exposed to radiation-induced risks. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of scattered radiation around Port-XII Portable dental radiography device.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study radiation dose measurement was carried out at 6 positions around the Port-XII radiography unit (over, under, right, left, behind and front at a distance of 1 meter from the unit). Dosimetry was carried out by the Geiger-Muller counter. The setting for all the exposures consisted of 60 kVp, 2 mA, and 0.3 s and Primax (class E) films. In the current study 15 patients were evaluated. Study data was compared to the annual maximum permissible dose. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and one-way ANOVA using SPSS 18 (a=0.05).Results: The measured backscattered radiation at 6 positions around the Port-XII unit at a distance of 1 meter far from the equipment was below the annual maximum permissible dose of 50 msv. The backscattered radiation behind the Port-XII unit was less than other sides and the mean was 0.98 ×10-3 msv, demonstrating a significant difference from other sides (p value <0.001). However, other sides were not significantly different from each other (p value=0.169). The mean of the measured dose was 0.002 msv near the unit and 0.004 mR 1 meter away from the unit.Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the measured dose around Port-XII unit was well below MPD.

Monitoring the various features of coastal areas, including changes in the coastline, one of the main factors for the efficient use of natural resources and their sustainable management. To this end, new approaches such as the use of satellite data and image processing techniques, could be an ideal method, because it saves on time, money and other resources. Coastal geomorphology is the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both thephysical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast. It involves an understanding of coastal weathering processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement and weather, and also the ways in which humans interact with the coast. The main physical Weathering process on beaches is salt-crystal growth. Wind carries salt spray onto rocks, where it is absorbed into small pores and cracks within the rocks. There the water evaporates and the salt crystallises, creating pressure and often breaking down the rock. In some beaches calcium carbonate is able to bind together other sediments to form beachrock and in warmer areas dunerock. Wind erosion is also a form of erosion, dust and sand is carried caround in the air and slowly erodes rock, this happens in a similar way in the sea were the salt and sand is washed up onto the rocks…

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the feasibility of investment on second Port construction in Nowshahr Port. Using the financial models, the IRR and NPV indices and the payback period are analyzed based on the main criteria of minimum annual performance in various scenarios of the rate of the second terminal performance growth. The research variables are analyzed through Comfar Software. Among the 6 predicted scenarios, the investment was justifiable in three scenarios which give the investor an opPortunity to investigate the factors affecting the second terminal project in Nowshahr Port. This research is conducted during 2010- 2011 and cost and benefit variables are based on the monetary rate on the same years.